Locomotor correlates of the scapholunar of living and extinct carnivorans.

The relationship of carpal morphology to ecology and habitat is under studied in carnivorans and more generally in mammals. Here, we use 3D-scanning techniques to assess the usefulness of a carpal bone, the scapholunar, in carnivorans to reflect ecology and habitat, and to reconstruct the ecology of five extinct carnivorans from two fossil sites: Rancho La Brea and Natural Trap Cave. We 3D-scanned scapholunars and measured articular surface areas and angles between articular facets using GeoMagic and Rhino 3D-software. We analyzed the difference in these metrics using multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant function analysis. Results show that the scapholunar reflects ecological signal, with clear groupings of cursorial carnivorans and grappling/climbing carnivorans; however, phylogenetic signal was also present in the results with hyaenids, canids, and large felids in distinct morphospaces. Extinct species Miracinonyx trumani (American cheetah) and Smilodon fatalis (sabertooth cat) showed surprising results with M. trumani grouping with pantherines instead of Acinonyx or Puma, suggesting it runs but still retains the ability to grapple prey. S. fatalis groups with pantherines, but also shows some unique adaptations, suggesting it had a different range of wrist motion than living cats. Overall, the scapholunar is a good indicator of ecology and functional morphology and can be another tool to use in modern and fossil carnivorans to reconstruct extinct ecologies and locomotor behaviors.