Posttransplantation Anemia in Kidney Transplant Recipients.

Posttransplantation anemia (PTA) is common among kidney transplant patients. Early PTA is usually defined as anemia which develops up to 6 months after transplantation, and late PTA is defined as anemia which develops after 6 months. There are multiple causes, with iron deficiency being the major contributor. The occurrence of late PTA has been associated with impaired graft function. Early PTA has been shown to be a predictor of late PTA. PTA is associated with reduced mortality, reduced graft survival, and a decline in GFR. The association with mortality is related to the severity of the anemia and to specific causes of anemia. Treatment of PTA should probably begin as soon as possible after kidney transplantation. The optimal target hemoglobin level in kidney transplant recipients with anemia is higher than recommended in chronic kidney disease and should probably be up to 12.5-13 g/dL. In order to achieve this target, appropriate treatment with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) and iron is indicated.