Identification of the Debris Flow Process Types within Catchments of Beijing Mountainous Area

The distinguishable sediment concentration, density, and transport mechanisms characterize the different magnitudes of destruction due to debris flow process (DFP). Identifying the dominating DFP type within a catchment is of paramount importance in determining the efficient delineation and mitigation strategies. However, few studies have focused on the identification of the DFP types (including water-flood, debris-flood, and debris-flow) based on machine learning methods. Therefore, while taking Beijing as the study area, this paper aims to establish an integrated framework for the identification of the DFP types, which consists of an indicator calculation system, imbalance dataset learning (borderline-Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (borderline-SMOTE)), and classification model selection (Random Forest (RF), AdaBoost, Gradient Boosting (GBDT)). The classification accuracies of the models were compared and the significance of parameters was then assessed. The results indicate that Random Forest has the highest accuracy (0.752), together with the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC = 0.73), and the lowest root-mean-square error (RMSE = 0.544). This study confirms that the catchment shape and the relief gradient features benefit the identification of the DFP types. Whereby, the roughness index (RI) and the Relief ratio (Rr) can be used to effectively describe the DFP types. The spatial distribution of the DFP types is analyzed in this paper to provide a reference for diverse practical measures, which are suitable for the particularity of highly destructive catchments.