Ultrasmall Au nanoclusters for biomedical and biosensing applications: A mini-review

Gold (Au) nanoclusters with diameters less than 2 nm are attracting increasing attention due to their unique size-dependent physicochemical properties which include strong luminescence and excellent biocompatibility. Accordingly, Au nanoclusters are now becoming essential in biomedical research for bioimaging, biosensing, quantitative analysis of protein and ion detection. In this mini review, the luminescence mechanism and biosynthesis of Au nanoclusters is systematically explored, followed by a brief survey of Au nanoclusters applications across the biomedical sector. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of biological molecules such as proteins, peptides and low molecular weight organic compounds in the synthesis of small luminescent Au nanoclusters, either as templates or surface capping agents. Successful strategies for applying luminescent Au nanoclusters in bioimaging and biosensing are also summarized. Future areas for Au nanocluster utilization in biomedical research are briefly discussed.