Global patterns of seed germination after ingestion by mammals

Seed germination is the first step in seedling recruitment. Understanding what factors determine germination success allows some predictions of the effect of climate change or defaunation on the dynamics of plant communities. Mammals play an important role on seed germination through the ingestion of fruit and seeds. However, the populations of many mammal species have been reduced throughout the world, affecting in many ways the dynamics of plant communities. To understand how the loss of mammal populations might impact the dynamics of plant communities first requires us to collect and synthetize all the available evidence on the effects of mammals on seedling recruitment. Here, we used meta-analytical methods to describe the global patterns of the ingestion of seeds by mammals and their effect on seed germination. Our results showed a positive cumulative effect of mammals on seed germination. However, this effect was not the same for all the mammal orders; it varied depending on the plant family and the bioregion. Additionally, increased seed germination was related to rapid germination. These data highlight the important role that some mammals such as Primates and Elephants have on seed germination, and this poses many questions about the mechanisms behind seed germination patterns that will help to guide future research efforts.