Geochemistry, Petrology, and U-Pb dating of high-K volcanic rocks in wells WC-1 and Y-2 from the northern Junggar Basin, northwestern China: Implications for the closure of the Keramaili oceanic basin during the Carboniferous

Carboniferous volcanic rocks are widely distributed in the Junggar Basin and may provide a unique insight into the tectonic history of this basin. In this paper, we focus on the tectonic evolution of the northern Junggar Basin (NJB) using geochronological and geochemical data to establish the diachronous closure model for the Keramaili oceanic basin. The Lower Carboniferous strata in the eastern part (well WC-1) and the Upper Carboniferous strata in the western part (well Y-2) of the NJB are composed of a mix of compositional and rock-type forms. These volcanic rocks are mostly high-K assemblages characterized by high K (1.73-6.48%), high alkali (Na2O + K2O = 5.04-7.45%), and low TiO2 (0.57-1.06%). They also exhibit various REE concentrations (68.44-168.19 ppm), an enrichment of LREE (La-N/Yb-N = 4.54-8.09), and small negative Eu anomalies (delta Eu = 0.74-0.90). The depletion of HFSE and relevant tectonic setting discrimination diagrams demonstrate that these two volcanic associations were formed in a subduction-related environment. The data also indicate that the high-K volcanic rocks are derived from a mix of melted subducted sediments and mantle metasomatized by silica-rich fluids. Although these two sets of volcanic rocks formed in Early and Late Carboniferous, the similar petrographic and geochemical natures suggest similar magma source and tectonic setting. Along with different regional tectonic settings in the NJB during the Carboniferous, we propose an asynchronous subduction of Keramaili oceanic basin, resulting in the inconsistent temporal and spatial distribution of Upper Carboniferous volcanic rocks in the NJB.