Genesis of ore-bearing volcanic rocks in the Derbur lead-zinc mining area of the Erguna Massif, western slope of the Great Xing'an Range, NE China: Geochemistry, Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes, and zircon U-Pb geochronology

The Derbur lead-zinc deposit is located in the Derbugan metallogenic belt in the north-western portion of the Mesozoic Hailaer-Genhe volcanic basin in the northern Great Xing'an Range. This deposit occurs in the Middle Jurassic intermediate-mafic volcanic rocks of the Tamulangou Formation and is spatially and temporally associated with acidic pyroclastic rocks. The host rocks are bedded trachyandesite and rhyolitic lithic-crystal tuffs, and basaltic-andesitic aplite veins are associated with the ore body. Because the deposit is a hypabyssal low-temperature hydrothermal Pb-Zn deposit associated with volcanism, to determine the precise petrogenesis of the volcanic rocks, this study analysed the zircon U-Pb ages of the trachyandesite and rhyolitic lithic-crystal tuffs, the Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic geochemistry of the trachyandesite and basaltic-andesitic aplite, and the whole-rock geochemistry of all three rock types. The results showed that the trachyandesite and basaltic-andesitic aplite belong to the shoshonitic series and have similar whole-rock and isotopic geochemical characteristics, including enrichments in large-ion lithophile elements and light rare earth elements and depletions in high-field-strength elements. They also have low initial Sr-87/Sr-86 values of 0.705007-0.705240 and epsilon Nd(t) values of +0.6 to +1.7, with model ages (T-DM) of 699-883 Ma. The ratios of Pb-206/Pb-204, Pb-207/Pb-204, and Pb-208/Pb-204 vary from 18.438 to 18.476, 15.570 to 15.577, and 38.254 to 38.320, respectively, with mu values of 9.40-9.41. In contrast, the rhyolitic lithic-crystal tuffs are characterized by high SiO2 contents (73.44-79.48 wt.%); low Al2O3 (11.36-12.53 wt.%), TiO2 (0.14-0.18 wt.%), and K2O + Na2O (3.48-3.89 wt.%, Na2O <= K2O) contents; and low Mg-# values (0.17-0.41), indicating that they belong to the calc-alkaline series. Additionally, they have relatively low REE contents and strong Sr depletions. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of the trachyandesite and rhyolitic lithic-crystal tuffs indicates that their ages are 167.0 +/- 2.0 Ma and 164.8 +/- 1.6 Ma, respectively. We conclude that the trachyandesite and the basaltic-andesitic aplite were derived from the partial melting of lower crustal material assimilated by a depleted lithospheric mantle that was subsequently metasomatized by subducted slab-derived fluids. The rhyolitic lithic-crystal tuffs likely originated from the partial melting of accreted lower crust. In summary, because the acidic volcanism was accompanied by increasingly felsic volcanism, bimodal volcanic rocks were produced. Among volcanogenic deposits, bimodal volcanic rocks are the most favourable ore-hosting rocks, and ore-forming materials were contributed by the magmatic system. These processes created conditions conducive to the formation of large-scale Ag, Pb, and Zn mineralization in this area.