Mapping the genetic patterns of plants in the region of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: Implications for conservation strategies

Aim Species diversity in the region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has been extensively explored, whereas the distribution of genetic diversity remains poorly understood in this species-rich area, parts of which are listed as biodiversity hotspots. In this study, we aimed to map the patterns of genetic diversity and divergence of plant species in this region, and to identify potential evolutionary hotspots for conservation planning. Location Region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). Methods We compiled published molecular data for 60 plant species, and calculated intra-population genetic diversity and inter-population genetic divergence using haplotype sequences (chloroplast or mitochondrial DNA). We analysed the relationships between genetic diversity and longitude, latitude and elevation. We mapped the landscapes of genetic diversity and divergence for each species in GIS, and combined the resulting landscapes in order to identify hotspots of high genetic diversity and divergence. Results There were no significant relationships between genetic diversity and longitude, latitude and elevation. For most species, areas characterized by high genetic diversity and divergence were located across the Hengduan Mountains. Nine evolutionary hotspots across the region of the QTP were identified. Main conclusions The Hengduan Mountains are a remarkable hotspot of all three dimensions of biodiversity (genes, species and ecosystems), yet patterns of genetic diversity were partially incongruent with the distribution of species diversity. For example, several hotspots of genetic diversity were located on the QTP proper, which is relatively species poor. This partial geographic mismatch between species and genetic diversity highlights the need to consider both aspects in conservation programs. Our study suggests that more protected areas in the region of the QTP need to be established in order to protect genetic diversity and thus adaptive potential.