The variability of winter North Atlantic blocking and cold extremes connected to North Atlantic Sea surface temperature modes and ENSO: The mediated role of North Atlantic jet

In this paper, the linkage of the sub-seasonal variability of North Atlantic blocking (NAB) to the interannual-to-decadal winter midlatitude North Atlantic jet (NAJ) is examined. The variability of NAJ in meridional position (strength) is characterized by the first (second) empirical orthogonal function (EOF) mode of the winter-mean 46-days low-pass filtered North Atlantic 500-hPa zonal wind. The composite reveals that NAB exhibits weak (strong) westward movement and small (large) zonal width during the north-(south-) shifted NAJ winters, which result in severe cold anomalies over the southern Europe (northern Eurasia and eastern North America) and are characterized by a precursor of the positive (negative) North Atlantic Oscillation. In contrast, the NAB event during the strong (weak) NAJ winters mainly originates from the intensification of a ridge over North Europe (Atlantic), which has short (long) lifetime, small (large) intensity, small (large) zonal width, and leads to weather influences similar to those during south (north-) shifted NAJ winters. The underlying mechanism of the sub -seasonal variability of NAB can be explained by the nonlinear multi-scale interaction model of atmospheric blocking from the perspective of the meridional potential vorticity gradient.It is further shown that the meridional position of NAJ exhibits significant interannual variability, which is associated with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) via the changes in the Walker Cell and the Atlantic Hadley circulation as well as the second EOF of surface sea temperature (SST) over the North Atlantic. The strength of NAJ shows significant interannual-to-decadal variability, which is mainly regulated by the first EOF mode of North Atlantic SST.