Cellular Receptors of Amyloid β Oligomers (AβOs) in Alzheimer’s Disease

It is estimated that Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects tens of millions of people, comprising not only suffering patients, but also their relatives and caregivers. AD is one of age-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) characterized by progressive synaptic damage and neuronal loss, which result in gradual cognitive impairment leading to dementia. The cause of AD remains still unresolved, despite being studied for more than a century. The hallmark pathological features of this disease are senile plaques within patients' brain composed of amyloid beta (A beta) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) of Tau protein. However, the roles of A beta and Tau in AD pathology are being questioned and other causes of AD are postulated. One of the most interesting theories proposed is the causative role of amyloid beta oligomers (A beta Os) aggregation in the pathogenesis of AD. Moreover, binding of A beta Os to cell membranes is probably mediated by certain proteins on the neuronal cell surface acting as A beta O receptors. The aim of our paper is to describe alternative hypotheses of AD etiology, including genetic alterations and the role of misfolded proteins, especially A beta oligomers, in Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, in this review we present various putative cellular A beta O receptors related to toxic activity of oligomers.