Active Bending‐Moment Faulting: Geomorphic Expression, Controlling Conditions, Accommodation of Fold Deformation

Bending-moment faults and flexural-slip faults (FSFs), as two basic fault styles due to bending-related tangential longitudinal strain, extensively and prominently crop out as surface scarps in the Pamir-western Kunlun and southern Tian Shan regions, northwestern China. Characteristic geomorphic expression, favorable formation conditions, and the role in folding accommodation of active FSFs have been systematically summarized in our recent studies. Here we investigate similar properties for well-developed bending-moment normal fault (BMnF) scarps at four sites. Our study concludes the following: (i) BMnF scarps are relatively sinuous compared to FSF scarps and probably trend obliquely to the fold hinge. A group of BMnF scarps can delineate a single asymmetric graben or create grabens alternating with horsts. (ii) BMnF scarps primarily overlie poorly-layered conglomerates. The fold's interlimb angle can range from 160 degrees to <40 degrees, and the folding kinematics can vary from active-hinge migration to fixed-hinge rotation. (iii) The fault-zone width, fault spacing, and efficiency in folding accommodation significantly decrease with (a) thinner conglomerate beds, (b) a smaller interlimb angle, and (c) the transition of the hinge from migrated to fixed. (iv) Different bed lithologies and fold geometries beneath the surface account for the predominance of BMnF scarps on the western Kunlun piedmont and FSF scarps in the Pamir-Tian Shan convergent zone. (v) Presence of BMnF scarps on the western Kunlun piedmont indicates that 4km of fault slip is transferred northward along a detachment at the base of the Cenozoic and is ultimately absorbed by the Mazatagh Thrust in the Tarim Basin. Key Points