Hot pressing in conduit faults during lava dome extrusion: Insights from Mount St. Helens 2004–2008

Rhyodacitic volcanoes such as Mount St. Helens (MSH), Soufrière Hills, Mount Unzen and Mount Pelée erupt spines mantled by layers of magma-derived cataclasite and fault gouge. MSH produced seven lava spines from 2004–2008 composed of low-porosity, compositionally uniform, crystalline dacite. Dome extrusion was attended by continuous ‘drumbeat’ seismicity, derived from faulting along the conduit margin at 0.5–1 km depth, and evidenced by the enveloping gouge layers. We describe the properties of the gouge-derived fault rocks, including laboratory measurements of porosity and permeability. The gouge varies from unconsolidated powder to lithified low-porosity low-permeability fault rocks. We reconstruct the subsurface ascent of the MSH magma using published field observations and create a model that reconciles the diverse properties of the gouge with conditions in the conduit during ascent (i.e. velocity, temperature). We show lithification of the gouge to be driven by ‘hot pressing’ processes, wherein the combination of elevated temperature, confining pressure and dwell-time cause densification and solid-state sintering of the comminuted, crystal-rich (glass-poor) gouge. The degree of gouge lithification corresponds with residence time in the conduit such that well-lithified materials reflect extended times in the subsurface due to slower ascent rates. With this insight, we suggest that gouge competence can be used as a first-order estimate of lava ascent rates. Furthermore we posit gouge lithification, which reduces porosity and permeability, inhibits volcanic outgassing thereby increasing the potential for explosive events at spine-producing volcanoes.