General C–H Arylation Strategy for the Synthesis of Tunable Visible Light-Emitting Benzo[a]imidazo[2,1,5-c,d]indolizine Fluorophores

Herein we report the discovery of the benzo[a]imidazo[2,1,S-c,d]indolizine motif displaying tunable emission covering most of the visible spectrum. The polycyclic core is obtained from readily available amides via a chemoselective process involving Tf2O-mediated amide cyclodehydration, followed by intramolecular C-H arylation. Additionally, these fluorescent heterocycles are easily functionalized using electrophilic reagents, enabling divergent access to varied substitution. The effects of said substitution on the compounds' photophysical properties were rationalized by density functional theory calculations. For some compounds, emission wavelengths are directly correlated to the substituent's Hammett constants. Easily introduced nonconjugated reactive functional groups allow the labeling of biomolecules without modification of emissive properties. This work provides a straightforward platform for the synthesis of new moderately bright fluorescent dyes remarkable for their chemical stability, predictability, and unusually high excitation emission differential.