Differential impacts of pesticides on Euschistus heros (Hem.: Pentatomidae) and its parasitoid Telenomus podisi (Hym.: Platygastridae)

Euschistus heros (Fabricius) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) primarily attack the pods and seeds of soybean plants, causing severe economic losses in Neotropical Region, and chemical control is essential to avoid these losses. Thus, insecticides more effective against this pest and less toxic to Telenomus podisi Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) - the main biological control agent of E . heros - should be used. In this report, we studied the differential acute impacts of pesticides used in Brazilian soybean against E . heros and T . podisi and evaluated their sublethal effects on the parasitoid to identify effective pesticides towards the pest with less harmful effect to the natural enemy. The LC 50 of the insecticides to E . heros ranged from 1.20 to 533.74 ng a.i./cm 2 ; the order of toxicity was thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin > acetamiprid + fenpropathrin > zeta-cypermethrin > acephate > imidacloprid. All pesticides were classified as slightly to moderately toxic to T . podisi based on the risk quotient. The exposure of T . podisi females to imidacloprid and the insecticide pre-formulated mixtures reduced the emergence of the offspring parasitoids by up to 40% whereas zeta-cypermethrin and the insecticides pre-formulated mixtures reduced offspring survival. The preferred order of choice of insecticides for the management of E . heros according to agronomic, toxicological, and environmental feasibility was the following: thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin > zeta-cypermethrin > acetamiprid + fenpropathrin > acephate > imidacloprid. Our study provides important and pioneer information to select insecticides for effective control of E . heros with lower impacts on T . podisi .