Spontaneous Retroperitoneal and Rectus Sheath Hemorrhage—Management, Risk Factors and Outcomes

Background Spontaneous retroperitoneal and rectus sheath hemorrhage (SRRSH) is associated with high mortality in the literature, but studies on the subject are lacking. The objective of this study was to identify early predictors of the need for angiographic or surgical intervention (ASI) in patients with SRRSH and define risk factors for mortality. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study at a tertiary academic hospital. All patients with computed tomography-identified SRRSH between 2012 to 2017 were included. Exclusion criteria were age below 18 years, possible mechanical cause of SRRSH, aortic aneurysm rupture or dissection, and traumatic or iatrogenic sources of SRRSH. The primary outcome was the incidence of ASI and/or mortality. Results Of 100 patients included (median age 70 years, 52% males), 33% were transferred from another hospital, 82% patients were on therapeutic anticoagulation, and 90% had serious comorbidities. Overall mortality was 22%, but SRRSH-related mortality was only 6%. Sixteen patients underwent angiographic intervention ( n = 10), surgical intervention ( n = 5), or both ( n = 1). Flank pain (OR 4.15, 95% CI 1.21–14.16, p = 0.023) and intravenous contrast extravasation (OR 3.89, 95% CI 1.23–12.27, p = 0.020) were independent predictors of ASI. Transfer from another hospital (OR 3.72, 95% CI 1.30–10.70, p = 0.015), age above 70 years (OR 4.24, 95% CI 1.25–14.32, p = 0.020), and systolic blood pressure below 110 mmHg at the time of diagnosis (OR 4.59, 95% CI 1.19–17.68, p = 0.027) were independent predictors of mortality. Conclusions SRRSH is associated with high mortality but is typically not the direct cause. Most SRRSHs are self-limited and require no intervention. Pattern identification of ASI is hard.