Tips and Tricks for Performing a Retrograde Pyelogram.

The tips and tricks reviewed can facilitate surgical techniques to perform a successful retrograde pyelogram and identify abnormal findings; especially in situations in which a urologist is not readily available. A retrograde pyelogram can be performed intra-operatively to identify iatrogenic ureteral injuries, ureteral obstruction, identification of stones or tumors, assistance of stent placement and ureteroscopy, and evaluation of trauma.