Regulated necrosis orchestrates microglial cell death in manganese- induced toxicity.

•Mn triggers regulated necrosis by parthanatos and lysosomal disruption in BV-2 cells.•Mn exposure leads to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and DNA damage.•Mn induces mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and AIF nuclear translocation.•Mn triggers cathepsin (Cat) release from lysosomes.•PARP-1 and Cat activities are required for Mn-induced microglial cell death.