Delay Aversion And Executive Functioning In Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Before And After Stimulant Treatment

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is a heterogeneous disorder, associated with deficits in motivation (e.g., delay aversion) and cognition. Methylphenidate is recommended as a first line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms, but little is known about its nonacute effects on motivational and cognitive deficits, particularly in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.Methods: We utilized a prospective, non-randomized, non-blinded, 6-week follow-up design with 42 initially stimulant medication-naive adult patients with moderate to severe attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and 42 age-and parental education-matched healthy controls. Delay aversion and executive functioning were assessed with 2 questionnaires and 5 performance-based tests.Results: At baseline, patients and controls differed significantly on performance-based measures (moderate to large effect sizes), and self-report of delay aversion and executive functioning (very large effect sizes). Treatment with methylphenidate medication (mean dose 65.54 mg/d, SD = 10.39) was not associated with improvements in performance-based measures of delay aversion and executive functioning compared to controls, although improvements in self-report executive functioning and delay aversion were found. Self-reported delay aversion was most consistently associated with ADHD symptomatology at baseline and after medication.Conclusion: Methylphenidate treatment does not have an effect on performance-based measures of delay aversion and executive functioning, but may have significant effects on self-reported delay aversion and executive functioning. The latter finding should be interpreted cautiously, given the subjective nature of these measures and design limitations. Self-reported delay aversion is most consistently associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptomatology.