Breeding biology of the Critically Endangered Tahiti Monarch Pomarea nigra, a bird with a low productivity

We studied the breeding biology of Tahiti Monarch Pomarea nigra, a 'Critically Endangered' forest bird endemic to Tahiti (French Polynesia). Nest activity was monitored from 1998 to 2002, and again from 2008 to 2015. During these 12 years, only 2-13 breeding pairs per year produced hatchlings. Egg-laying occurred all year, but usually increased between August and January, peaking around November. Of the 200 nests monitored, 33 (16%) were abandoned shortly after construction, 71 had an egg laid immediately after the nest were completed (34 %) and 96 nests (46 %) had a pie-incubation phase of 18.9 +/- 1.9 days (3-62 days; n = 47 nests), during which the birds visited the nest on an irregular basis. Half (49 of 96) of these nests were abandoned before an egg was laid, with incubation subsequently commencing at the remaining nests (n = 47). Although both sexes incubated for an average of 13.6 +/- 0.3 days (range 13-15), the female usually spent more time incubating than the male. Only one young per nest was ever observed. The average nestling phase was 15.5 +/- 0.7 days (range 13 to 20 days). Parents continue to feed the young after fledging for 74 +/- 4.7 days (range 42-174). As with many tropical island endemics, the Tahiti Monarch has low reproductive productivity as indicated by the fact that: i) only 56% of pairs attempt to lay an egg in any one year, 2) most pairs attempt only one brood per year and 3) the considerable length of the nesting and fledging phases. Because of its low productivity, maximising the reproductive success of the Tahiti Monarch is essential to secure its recovery.