Cancer Cells Hijack the Genome of other Cell via Extracellular Vesicles

Nuclear Receptors are a superfamily of transcription factors that exhibit multiplefunctions in health anddisease [1]. These receptors play essential roles in various physiological processes; including metabolism, immunity, developmental patterning and cell proliferation [2] typically nuclear receptors are activated bysteroid hormones, suchas estrogens, androgens, progesterone, and various other lipid-soluble signals, includingretinoic acid, oxysterols, and thyroid hormone. The ligands can cross the plasmamembrane anddirectly interact with the receptors in the cytoplasm, causing theirtranslocation to the nucleus [3]. Within the nucleus, the receptors bind DNA and activatespecific responsive genes. In cancer, nuclear receptors play amajor role in various typesof the disease, with roles ranging from oncogenic, tumor suppressor, or both, depending on the body organ they are expressed in [2]. Androgen receptor (AR) in prostate cancer and estrogen receptor (ER) in breast cancer are the most common nuclear receptors thatcontribute to theprogression of these cancers. The two receptors or their releasing factorsare targeted for the treatment ofthese cancers, by the hormonal therapies.