Cardioversion for atrial fibrillation: Efficacy of dose-response of low energy, high energy and pulsed biphasic truncated exponential waveforms

Introduction: The evolution of defibrillation waveforms has dramatically progressed over time. Monophasic waveform became the standard waveform used in most defibrillators until the 1980s, and were progressively replaced after year 2000 by newer biphasic waveforms with different patterns: initially the biphasic rectilinear waveform, then biphasic truncated exponential (BTE) waveform (with high or low energy), and pulsed energy BTE.