Changes in weed community with different types of nitrogen fertilizers during the fallow season

Manipulation of crop fertilization may be an important part of integrated weed management systems. The objective of this study is to investigate the responses of weed community and composition in the fallow season to the different types of nitrogen fertilization. Six treatments were conducted over four consecutive years, including no N fertilizer (N0), conventional prilled urea (PU), polymer coating of sulfur-coated urea (PSCU), urea with nitrification inhibitor (UNI), urea-formaldehyde (UF), and controlled-release bulk blending N fertilizer (70% full dosage of PSCU plus 30% full dosage of prilled urea, BBF). Weed species composition, dominant species biomass, and soil properties were investigated, and indices of weed species diversity were calculated. The results indicated that Mazus japonicus (Thunb.) Kuntze and Alopecurus japonicus Steud. dominated the N0 treatment, whereas Alopecurus japonicus Steud. dominated all N–fertilized treatments. The PSCU treatment produced the greatest shoot biomass (657 g m−2) of Alopecurus japonicus Steud. The N0 treatment had the highest total weed density (365 plants m−2) and Shannon-Wiener index (1.39). Application of PSCU or UF led to significantly lower Shannon-Wiener and higher Simpson indices than did the PU treatment due to high residue soil N contents. The UNI treatment not only produced the highest 4-year average grain yield of double rice, it also maintained a relatively diverse weed community in the fallow season.