Improved environmental monitoring of surface geothermal features through comparisons of thermal infrared, satellite remote sensing and terrestrial calorimetry

•Surface heat-loss is determined using calorimetry, aerial thermal infrared, and satellite infrared, at Karapiti, New Zealand.•Results from calorimetry and aerial TIR are in close agreement, with total heat-loss from 5 processing techniques ranging from 41 to 58 MW.•Satellite imagery underestimates surface heat-loss at Karapiti, with a radiated heat-loss value of 2.6 MW (1/3 of aerial TIR estimation).