Pain in adults with congenital heart disease- An international perspective

Background: Patients with adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) have many risk factors for chronic pain such as prior cardiac interventions and adult comorbidities. However, the prevalence of chronic pain has not been well described in this population. We sought to determine the prevalence of pain in a large international cohort of patients with ACHD.Methods: Data from the APPROACH-IS dataset was utilized for this study which includes 4028 patients with ACHD from 15 different countries. The prevalence of pain was assessed under the health status patient reported outcome domain utilizing the EuroQol-5D 3 level version tool. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess dif-ferences across countries in pain, taking into account country-level random effects for clustering across obser-vations within each country.Results: A total of 3832 patients with ACHD met the study criteria, median age 32 years [IQR 25, 42], 52.6% females. The prevalence of at least moderate pain was reported by 28.9% (95% CO 27.5 = 30.3%) of participants. Pain was associated with country of origin, age, gender, background, education and marital status as well as several clinical variables including disease complexity, cardiac device presence, history of heart failure, psychi-atric conditions and presence of other medical conditions. Those with pain had lower levels of perceived health and a lower quality of life score. Conclusion: Pain in patients with ACHD is common, impacting nearly one-third of patients. Given the far reaching implications of pain in patients with ACHD, further study of pain characteristics and treatment management appear warranted.