On the solvation of hydronium by carbon dioxide: Structural and infrared spectroscopic study of (H3O+)(CO2)n

Hydronium (H3O+) is the smallest member of protonated water. In this work, we use quantum chemical calculations to explore the solvation of H3O+ by adding one CO2 molecule at a time. The effect of stepwise solvation on infrared spectroscopy, structure, and energetics has been systematically studied. It has been found that the first solvation shell of H3O+ is completed at n = 6. Besides the hydrogen-bond interaction, the CCO2—OCO2 intermolecular interaction is also responsible for the stabilization of the larger clusters. The transfer of the proton from H3O+ onto CO2 with the formation of the OCOH+ moiety is not observed in the early stage of solvation process. Calculated IR spectra suggest that vibrational frequencies of H-bonded OH stretching would afford a sensitive probe for exploring the early stage solvation of hydronium by carbon dioxide. IR spectra for the (H3O+)(CO2)n (n = 1–7) clusters could be measured by the infrared photodissociation spectroscopic technique and thus provide a vivid physical picture about how carbon dioxide solvates the hydronium.