Anti-tick vaccines in the omics era.

Tick vaccines have been available for more than 20 years. They are useful and effective control agents when used properly. However, no new products have emerged since the Bm86-based Gavac vaccine was commercialized. Acaricide resistance is a problem with no abatement in sight and anti-tick vaccines are likely to be relied upon even more in the coming years. As human medicine and plant agriculture has embraced the various technologies, the search for anti-tick vaccines would be well served to follow; so that new vaccine antigens and adjuvants might be developed to assist tick control programs. However, the simple outward appearance of ticks and their life cycle belies the complexity of their genomes which are computationally challenging to sequence and annotate. We review various research efforts in light of research on anti-tick vaccines.