Enablers for IBC: integral cell and module development and implementation in PV industry

An integral solar cell and module concept is developed based on an IBC cell design with a front floating emitter (FFE). The FFE renders the cell resilient to electrical shading and reduces the demands on feature size. The cells are bi-facial by design. We interconnected 6 " IBC cells using a conductive back sheet foil, resulting in a visually appealing mono-facial solar module. The IBC cells are made using a process close to existing industrial n-PERT processing, their production in an industrial pilot line has been demonstrated. The cells can be produced at the cost level of a PERC cell. The paper shows how the current cell efficiency of 21.1% cell will be increased beyond 22% in 2017 and what enablers are required to industrialize this concept. One such enabler we report on is high resolution Rsheet mapping using near-field THz scanning (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.