Improvement in pulmonary function and serum immunoglobulin G in long-term enzyme replacement therapy with velmanase alfa(human recombinant alpha-mannosidase) in alpha-mannosidosis patients

The opioid receptor antagonist 3-methoxynaltrexone (3-MeONtx) has previously been shown in rodents to selectively reverse the analgesic actions of heroin and its metabolites 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), and morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G), but not that of morphine. Based on these and other results, a heroin/6-MAM/M6G μ-opioid receptor binding site or subreceptor mediating their analgesic activity has been proposed. It is however unknown whether this also accounts for the acute psychomotor stimulating properties of these opioids. The aim of the present study was therefore to explore if the acute psychomotor stimulating effects of heroin, 6-MAM, and morphine are mediated by distinct μ-opioid receptor binding sites or subreceptors. To address this aim, we examined how pretreatment with 3-MeONtx or naltrexone (NTX) affected the acute increase in locomotor activity induced by heroin, 6-MAM, or morphine in mice. The pharmacokinetic profiles of 3-MeONtx and NTX were also assessed in mouse brain. We found that 3-MeONtx similarly antagonized the acute increase in locomotor activity induced by equipotent doses of heroin, 6-MAM, or morphine. This antagonistic effect was comparable to the one observed following administration of NTX, and both antagonists gave similar pharmacokinetic profiles in mouse brain. Our findings do not support that different μ-opioid receptor subtypes or a distinct binding site at the μ-opioid receptor is involved in morphine-induced versus heroin/6-MAM-induced psychomotor activation. This might suggest that the opioid-induced psychomotor stimulation is mediated by different μ-opioid subreceptors than those responsible for their analgesic effects.