Data-driven battery degradation model leveraging average degradation function fitting

When the batteries of electrical vehicles are used to provide vehicle-to-grid (V2G) ancillary service, battery life is shortened due to additional battery usage. To consider battery degradation, cycle life-based approach with degradation density function (DDF) is popular. However, the previous modelling cannot capture the well-known fact that battery may severely degrade at both ends of battery, i...