The investigation of direct C-glycosylation of monosaccharides under microwave activation

Carbohydrates are a class of important compounds widely occurring in nature and are the main energy source required for all living organisms. Based on the variation of glycosidic bonds in carbohydrates, they can be divided into O-glycosides, C-glycosides, thioglycosides, and other types, among which C-glycoside is an important glycoside. Research reports on C-glycosylation have noted many challenges, such as tedious steps for the synthesis of glycosyl donors, the narrow application scope of the reaction, and the low efficiency of glycosylation. In the present paper, microwaves were used to activate the direct C-glycosylation of monosaccharides. By optimizing reaction conditions, improving reaction efficiency, and investigating reaction mechanisms, we aimed to obtain an ideal C-glycosylation method.