Synthetic genetic polymers: advances and applications

Synthetic genetic polymers, also known as xeno-nucleic acids (XNAs), are chemically modified or synthesized analogues of natural nucleic acids. Initially developed by synthetic chemists to better understand nucleic acids, XNAs have grown rapidly over the last two decades in both diversity and usefulness. Their tailor-made functionalities allow them to overcome perennial problems in using natural nucleic acids in technical applications. In this article, key milestones in XNA research are reviewed through highlighting representative examples. The advantages of using XNAs over natural nucleic acids are discussed. It is hoped that this article will provide a summary of the advances and current understanding of XNAs in addition to their technical applications, serving as an entry point to those who are interested in the synthesis and application of XNAs. Besides interesting results, challenges encountered may inspire researchers to perfect the synthesis of XNAs and tailor their functionalities.