Strategies for the Immobilization of Bacteriophages Applied in the Biosensors

Bacteriophages are ideal recognition elements for bacterium because of specificity and high affinity in the field of biosensors. The effect of bimolecular immobilization directly influences the performance of biosensors, so orientation immobilization of bacteriophages is of great importance to the biosensors. This article reviews the recent progress in biosensors that used a variety of strategies for the immobilization of bacteriophages to make a correct orientation to the host bacterium. We conclude the advantages and disadvantages of different types of immobilization and provided some directions of orientation immobilization for the future. Wherever possible, sensing performance of each immobilization will be evaluated and compared in terms of sensitivity and detection limit.