Foraging strategies of black kites ( Milvus migrans govinda ) in urban garbage dumps

Large numbers of black kites ( Milvus migrans govinda ) forage with house crows ( Corvus splendens ) at garbage dumps in many Indian cities. Such aggregation of many individuals results in aggressiveness where adoption of a suitable behavioral approach is crucial. We studied foraging behavior of black kites in dumping sites adjoining two major corporation markets of Kolkata, India. Black kites used four different foraging tactics which varied and significantly influenced foraging attempts and their success rates. Kleptoparasitism was significantly higher than autonomous foraging events; interspecific kleptoparasitism was highest in occurrence with a low success rate, while ‘autonomous-ground’ was least adopted but had the highest success rate.