HIV incidence among women at high risk of HIV infection attending a dedicated clinic in Kampala, Uganda: 2008-2017.

Background: High attrition and irregular testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in cohort studies for high-risk populations can bias incidence estimates. We compare incidence trends for high-risk women attending a dedicated HIV prevention and treatment clinic, using common methods for assigning when seroconversion occurs and whether seroconversion occurs among those with attrition. Methods: Between April 2008 and May 2009, women were enrolled into cohort 1 and from January 2013 into cohort 2, then scheduled for follow-up once every 3 months. Incidence trends based on assuming a midpoint in the seroconversion interval were compared with those of assigning a random-point. We also compared estimates based on the random-point with and without multiple imputation (MI) of serostatuses for participants with attrition. Results: By May 2017, 3084 HIV-negative women had been enrolled with 18,364 clinic visits. Before attrition, 27.6% (6990 of 25,354) were missed visits. By August 2017, 65.8% (426 of 647) of those enrolled in cohort 1 and 49.0% (1194 of 2437) in cohort 2 were defined with attrition. Among women with 1 or more follow-up visit, 93 of 605 in cohort 1 and 77 of 1601 in cohort 2 seroconverted. Periods with longer seroconversion intervals appeared to have noticeable differences in incidences when comparing the midpoint and random-point values. The MI for attrition is likely to have overestimated incidence after escalated attrition of participants. Based on random-point without MI for attrition, incidence at end of observation was 3.8/100 person-years in cohort 1 and 1.8/100 in cohort 2. Conclusions: The random-point approach attenuated variation in incidence observed using midpoint. The high incidence after years of ongoing prevention efforts in this vulnerable population should be investigated to further reduce incidence.