Development of Intestinal Scaffolds that Mimic Native Mammalian Intestinal Tissue.

The goal of this study was to develop a scaffold for the generation of an artificial intestine that specifically mimics the architecture and biomechanical properties of the native small intestine, and to evaluate the scaffold in vitro and in vivo. Scaffolds mimicking the microarchitecture of native intestine were fabricated from poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) with a thickness of 647 mu m (+/- 241 mu m) and villus height of 340 mu m (+/- 29.5 mu m). The scaffolds showed excellent biological properties, as 71.4% (+/- 7.2%) and 58.7% (+/- 12.7%) mass remained after 5 weeks of in vitro exposure to control and digestive media, respectively. Tensile properties of the scaffolds approached those of native porcine intestine and scaffolds maintained their mechanical properties over 6 weeks based on rheometer measurements. Scaffolds accommodated intestinal epithelial stem cells and demonstrated maintenance of size and microarchitecture after 12 weeks of omental implantation in mice. There was an expected amount of inflammation, but less tissue infiltration and tissue formation than anticipated. In conclusion, we developed novel scaffolds using PGS that mimic the microarchitecture and mechanical properties of native intestine with promise for use in artificial intestine for individuals with short bowel syndrome. Graphical abstract Impact Statement This study is significant because it demonstrates an attempt to design a scaffold specifically for small intestine using a novel fabrication method, resulting in an architecture that resembles intestinal villi. In addition, we use the versatile polymer poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) for artificial intestine, which has tunable mechanical and degradation properties that can be harnessed for further fine-tuning of scaffold design. Moreover, the utilization of PGS allows for future development of growth factor and drug delivery from the scaffolds to promote artificial intestine formation.