Morphological variation in black cherry ( Prunus serotina Ehrh.) associated with environmental conditions in Mexico and the United States

Black cherries are native to North America and make up a complex of five morphologically different subspecies growing in significantly different niches. This study used 474 presence points, 19 climate parameters and altitude to: (1) describe climatic preference of subspecies, (2) associate the most discriminant bioclimatic variables with variation of 17 quantitative morphological descriptors and (3) estimate the potential effect of climate change in the distribution areas of the complex. Altitude and seven climatic parameters played a considerable role in the differentiation of subspecies (subsp.). Climate variability indicated that subsp. eximia , hirsuta and serotina are distributed in more humid and cold environments, while subsp. virens prefers drier and warmer environments. Subspecies capuli exhibited the greatest environmental heterogeneity. Morphological differences included longer, wider leaves and thicker fruit pedicel in subsp. capuli and shorter, smaller leaves in ssp. virens . Even though morphological variation associated with climate was relatively low, the study did show possible effects of climatic variability on morphology and distribution of the P. serotina complex and provided reference information that may be useful for an integrated description of its genetic resources. Climate change could cause genetic erosion due to the loss of suitable habitats. Studies on population genetics can increase understanding of the P. serotina complex and favor efficient strategic guidelines for use and conservation of these resources.