Accurate estimate of drag forces using particle-resolved direct numerical simulations

An accurate force estimate for finite-size particle simulations is proposed based on Lagrange extrapolation of third order, coupled with a Taylor interpolation of the same order, to estimate pressure and viscous constraints on the surface of particles. The main point of our approach is to upwind the interpolation support in the normal direction to the fluid/solid interface so as to use only fluid values to estimate forces. Also, detailed validations of forces are considered for estimating accuracy and convergence order of the method on various incompressible motions such as the flow around an isolated particle at various Reynolds numbers and flows across packed spheres under faced-centered cubic, random, and bidisperse arrangements.