Regeneration of mandibular defects using adipose tissue mesenchymal stromal cells in combination with human serum-derived scaffolds

Bone regeneration is a challenging issue. Traditional solutions bring risks, potential complications, and morbidity. The aim of the present study was to regenerate critical-sized mandible defects in athymic rats with adipose tissue mesenchymal stromal cells (AT-MSCs) in combination with human serum-derived scaffolds. Two approaches to treatment were performed. The first approach used differentiated stromal cells that became osteogenic cell lines. The second approach used no pre-differentiation. Follow-up periods were 45 days and 90 days. Both cell types were combined with human serum-derived scaffolds. Afterward, histological (haematoxylin–eosin and Masson's Trichrome stain modified by Goldner), immunohistochemical (human vimentin and Stro-1), and radiological (microCT) studies were performed. The level of calcification between the groups was compared by analysis of variance, and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The results demonstrate that bone regeneration can be achieved with both undifferentiated and pre-differentiated cells, but that the structure and level of calcification were better achieved with pre-differentiated cells (p < 0.05). The scaffold is suitable for this cell type, is osteoconductive and simple to perform. This article highlights the possible application of adipose tissue mesenchymal stromal cells in combination with a non-mineralized scaffold in bone regeneration.