Endo-epicardial dissociation in conduction.

The video shows 40 successive, simultaneous epi (left)- and endocardial (right) wavemaps of the right atrial free wall constructed during 5 s (40 times slowed down) of longstanding persistent atrial fibrillation (LSPAF) obtained from a 70-year-old female patient who underwent cardiac surgery for severe tricuspid and mitral valve insufficiency. Mapping was performed with a high-resolution endo–epicardial clamp consisting of two identical rectangular electrode arrays of 8 × 16 …