The transcription factor TpRfx1 is an essential regulator of amylase and cellulase gene expression in Talaromyces pinophilus

Background Perfect and low cost of fungal amylolytic and cellulolytic enzymes are prerequisite for the industrialization of plant biomass biorefinergy to biofuels. Genetic engineering of fungal strains based on regulatory network of transcriptional factors (TFs) and their targets is an efficient strategy to achieve the above described aim. Talaromyces pinophilus produces integrative amylolytic and cellulolytic enzymes; however, the regulatory mechanism associated with the expression of amylase and cellulase genes in T. pinophilus remains unclear. In this study, we screened for and identified novel TFs regulating amylase and/or cellulase gene expression in T. pinophilus 1-95 through comparative transcriptomic and genetic analyses. Results Comparative analysis of the transcriptomes from T. pinophilus 1-95 grown on media in the presence and absence of glucose or soluble starch as the sole carbon source screened 33 candidate TF-encoding genes that regulate amylase gene expression. Thirty of the 33 genes were successfully knocked out in the parental strain T. pinophilus ∆ TpKu70 , with seven of the deletion mutants firstly displaying significant changes in amylase production as compared with the parental strain. Among these, ∆ TpRfx1 ( TpRfx1 : Talaromyces pinophilus Rfx1 ) showed the most significant decrease (81.5%) in amylase production, as well as a 57.7% reduction in filter paper cellulase production. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR showed that TpRfx1 dynamically regulated the expression of major amylase and cellulase genes during cell growth, and in vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that TpRfx1 bound the promoter regions of genes encoding α-amylase ( TP04014 / Amy13A ), glucoamylase ( TP09267 / Amy15A ), cellobiohydrolase ( TP09412 / cbh1 ), β-glucosidase ( TP05820 / bgl1), and endo-β-1,4-glucanase ( TP08514 / eg1 ). TpRfx1 protein containing a regulatory factor X (RFX) DNA-binding domain belongs to RFX family. Conclusion We identified a novel RFX protein TpRFX1 that directly regulates the expression of amylase and cellulase genes in T. pinophilus , which provides new insights into the regulatory mechanism of fungal amylase and cellulase gene expression.