A Low-Power Photoplethysmogram-Based Heart Rate Sensor Using Heartbeat Locked Loop

In this paper, we present an ultralow power heart rate (HR) monitoring photoplethysmography (PPG) sensor using a heartbeat locked loop (HBLL). The HBLL generates a narrow window that turns on the LED and analog-front-end only when a peak is expected in the PPG signal. The prototype PPG sensor implemented in 0.18 μm CMOS has an effective duty-cycle of 0.01% and consumes only 43.4 μW at a HR of 60 b...