Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide Based on Titanium Alloys: Synthesis and Properties.

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) has provoked a significant amount of scientific and technological interest due to their anticipated impact in the fields of photocatalysis, solar cells, lithium-ion battery electrodes, and biomedical devices. This is particularly apparent in the case of anodization and ion implantation for modifying Ti-based alloys. However, the lack of sufficient solar light absorption and limited hole diffusion significantly affect the performance of TiO₂ in photocatalysis. Moreover, the biocompatibility and corrosion resistance of Ti-based biomedical device need to be enhanced to achieve a longer service life. In the present review, the MOx prepared by anodization is described first. Then, the electrolyte parameters during anodization are assessed by comparing various electrolytes including ethylene glycol, glycerol, formamide, and aqueous electrolytes. Additionally, the effects of ion implantation on the surface of Ti-based alloy are outlined. By analyzing the impact on various synthetic method and modification strategies of nanostructured TiO₂, the essential elements of suitable in situ doping ratio and ion implantation dose are addressed. Finally, the outlook for anodization and ion implantation for constructing nanostructured TiO₂ is discussed, highlighting challenges and key areas for future research and development.