Osmotic shock-triggered assembly of highly-charged, nanoparticle-supported membranes.

Spherical nanoparticle-supported lipid bilayers (SSLBs) combine precision nanoparticle engineering with biocompatible interfaces for various applications, ranging from drug delivery platforms to structural probes for membrane proteins. Although the bulk, spontaneous assembly of vesicles and larger silica nanoparticles (>100 nm) robustly yields SSLBs, it will only occur with low charge density vesicles for smaller nanoparticles (<100 nm), a fundamental barrier in increasing SSLB utility and efficacy. Here, through whole mount and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, we demonstrate that mixing osmotically loaded vesicles with smaller nanoparticles robustly drives the formation of SSLBs with high membrane charge density (up to 60% anionic lipid or 50% cationic lipid). We show that the osmolyte load necessary for SSLB formation is primarily a function of absolute membrane charge density and is not lipid headgroup-dependent, providing a generalizable, tunable approach toward bulk production of highly curved and charged SSLBs with various membrane compositions.