Lymphatic endothelial cells promote productive and latent HIV infection in resting CD4+ T cells

Background An HIV cure has not yet been achieved because latent viral reservoirs persist, particularly in resting CD4+ T lymphocytes. In vitro , it is difficult to infect resting CD4+ T cells with HIV-1, but infections readily occur in vivo. Endothelial cells (EC) line the lymphatic vessels in the lymphoid tissues and regularly interact with resting CD4+ T cells in vivo. Others and we have shown that EC promoted productive and latent HIV infection of resting CD4+ T cells. However, the EC used in previous studies were from human umbilical cords (HUVEC), which are macrovascular; whereas EC residing in the lymphoid tissues are microvascular. Methods In this study, we investigated the effects of microvascular EC stimulation of resting CD4+ T cells in establishing viral infection and latency. Human resting and activated CD4+ T cells were cultured alone or with endothelial cells and infected with a pseudotyped virus. Infection levels, indicated by green fluorescent protein expression, were measured with flow cytometry and data was analyzed using Flowing Software and Excel. Results We confirmed that EC from lymphatic tissue (LEC) were able to promote HIV infection and latency formation in resting CD4+ T cells while keeping them in resting phenotype, and that IL-6 was involved in LEC stimulation of CD4+ T cells. However, there are some differences between stimulation by LEC and HUVEC. Unlike HUVEC stimulation, we demonstrated that LEC stimulation of resting memory T cells does not depend on major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) interactions with T cell receptors (TCR) and that CD2-CD58 interactions were not involved in LEC stimulation of resting T cells. LEC also secreted lower levels of IL-6 than HUVEC. We also found that LEC stimulation increases HIV infection rates in activated CD4+ T cells. Conclusions While differences in T cell stimulation between lymphatic EC and HUVEC were observed, we confirmed that similar to macrovascular EC stimulation, microvascular EC stimulation promotes direct HIV infection and latency formation in resting CD4+ T cells without T cell activation. LEC stimulation also increased infection rates in activated CD4+ T cells. Additionally, the present study established a physiologically more relevant model of EC interactions with resting CD4+ T cells and further highlighted the importance of investigating the roles of EC in HIV infection and latency in both resting and activated CD4+ T cells.