A single factor induces neuronal differentiation to suppress glioma cell growth.

Aim Glioma, with fast growth and progression features, is the most common and aggressive tumor in the central nervous system and is essentially incurable. This study is aimed at inducing neuronal differentiation to suppress glioma cell growth with a single transcription factor. Methods Overexpression of transcription factor SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 11 (SOX11) and Zic family member 1 (ZIC1) was, respectively, performed in glioma cells with lentivirus infection. CRISPR/Cas9 technology was used to knock out ZIC1 in U87 cells, and knockout efficiency was identified by Western blotting and Sanger sequencing. Cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. The downstream targets of SOX11 were analyzed by Affymetrix GeneChip microarrays. qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence technique were used to verify gene targets of genetically modified U87 cells. All the cells were imaged by a fluorescence microscope. Gene expression correlation analysis and overall survival analysis based on TCGA dataset are performed by GEPIA. Results We induced glioma cells into neuron-like cells to suppress cell growth using a single transcription factor, SOX11 or ZIC1. Besides, we proved that there is a strong correlation between SOX11 and ZIC1. Our study revealed that SOX11 upregulates ZIC1 expression by binding with ZIC1 promoter, and ZIC1 partially mediates SOX11-induced neuronal differentiation in U87 cells. However, SOX11 expression is not regulated by ZIC1. Moreover, high MAP2 expression means better overall survival in TCGA lower grade glioma. Conclusion This study revealed that glioma cells can be reprogrammed into neuron-like cells using a single factor ZIC1, which may be a potential tumor suppressor gene for gliomas treatment.