The time-sequential changes of risk factors for adult T-cell leukemia development in human T-cell leukemia virus-positive patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective cohort study.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the time-sequential changes of risk factors for adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) development in human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-positive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Methods: HTLV-1 infection was screened using particle agglutination assay and confirmed via western blotting in 365 RA patients. Twenty-three HTLV-1-positive RA patients were included in the study cohort. Blood samples were obtained from these patients at each observation time point. The values of HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL) and serum soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL2-R), which are risk factors for ATL development, were measured using real-time PCR and enzyme immunoassay, respectively. Results: The study cohort comprised 79 person-years. The median HTLV-1 PVL and sIL2-R values of the HTLV-1-positive RA patients were 0.44 copies per 100 white blood cells (WBCs) and 406 U/mL, respectively. Three HTLV-1-positive RA patients showed a high PVL value. No remarkable changes were observed in the PVL and sIL2-R values during the observation period. However, one elderly HTLV-1-positive RA patient who had a high PVL value developed ATL during treatment with methotrexate and infliximab. Conclusion: A thorough clinical assessment of the risk factors for ATL development may be necessary in daily clinical practice for RA patients in HTLV-1-endemic areas in Japan.