Cardiac electrophysiology catheters for electrophysiological assessments of the lower urinary tract-A proof of concept ex vivo study in viable ureters.

Aims To explore the feasibility of minimally invasive catheter-based electrophysiology studies in the urinary tract. This is a well-known method used in cardiology to investigate and treat arrhythmias. Methods We developed an experimental platform which allows electrophysiological recordings with cardiac catheters and conventional needle electrodes in ex vivo pig ureters. The action potential was triggered by a stimulating electrode. We considered 13 porcine ureters (freshly collected and harvested in organ bath), 7 of which were used to optimize the setup and define the stimulation parameters; we performed the recordings in the remaining six ureters. The electrical propagation of the generated action potential was tracked with multiple sensing electrodes, from which propagation directions, velocities, refractory periods, and pacing thresholds were extracted. Results We recorded propagating electrical activity in four ureters using needle electrodes and in two ureters using cardiac catheters. Propagation velocities for forward direction (from kidney to bladder) derived by the two methods were similar (15.1 +/- 2.6 mm/s for cardiac catheters, 15.6 +/- 2.3 mm/s for needle recordings). Pacing thresholds, activation patters, and refractory times were provided for the ureteric smooth muscle. Retrograde propagations and corresponding velocities were also observed and measured. Conclusions This study is a proof-of-concept showing that electrical activity can be measured "from the inside" of urinary cavities using catheters and that obtained results are comparable with the more invasive needle recordings. Catheter-based electrophysiology may allow, in the clinical setting, for: i) a more differentiated understanding of urological disorders such as overactive bladder and ii) new therapeutic approaches (e.g., targeted tissue ablation).