Evaluation of Sex, Ethnic, and Racial Diversity Across US ACGME-Accredited Orthopedic Subspecialty Fellowship Programs.

In recent years, there been an increasing trend toward subspecialization in orthopedic surgery via fellowships. This study sought to characterize sex, ethnic, and racial representation within each fellowship program and to ex- amine their changes over time to identify trends and/or gaps. Demographic data were obtained from the National Graduate Medical Education Census. Diversity was assessed using proportions of minority and female trainees. The trends in racial, ethnic, and sex diversity from 2006 to 2015 for orthopedics as a whole and within each subspecialty were analyzed. Of 3722 orthopedic fellows, 2.551 identified as white (68.5%),648 as Asian (17.4%), 175 as Hispanic (4.7%), 161 as black (4.3%), 8 as Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (0.21%), and 3 as American Indian/Alaskan Native (0.08%). Further, 479 identified as female (12.9%). Racial and ethnic minority representation among orthopedic fellows did not increase over time. Female representation did increase proportionally with female residents. Asian fellows preferred reconstructive adult and spine, whereas white fellows preferred sports medicine, hand surgery, and trauma. Female fellows preferred pediatrics, hand surgery, and musculoskeletal oncology. Although sex diversity among orthopedic fellows has increased in the past 10 years, racial and ethnic minority representation lacked similar growth. Asian and female fellows preferred specific subspecialties over others. These data are presented as an initial step inn determining factors that attract minority groups to different orthopedic subspecialties. Further research should define specific factors and identify ways to increase minority distribution among fellowship programs.