Characteristics of the conjugative transfer system of the IncM plasmid pCTX-M3 and identification of its putative regulators.

Plasmid conjugative transfer systems comprise type IV secretion systems (T4SS) coupled to DNA processing and replication. The T4SSs are divided into two phylogenetic subfamilies, namely, IVA and IVB, or on the basis of the phylogeny of the VirB4 ATPase, into eight groups. The conjugation system of the lncM group plasmid pCTX-M3, from Citrobacter freundii, is classified in the IVB subfamily and in the MPF1 group, as are the conjugation systems of Inc11 group plasmids. Although the majority of the conjugative genes of the lncM and lncl1 plasmids display conserved synteny, there are several differences. Here, we present a deletion analysis of 27 genes in the conjugative transfer regions of pCTX-M3. Notably, the deletion of either of two genes dispensable for conjugative transfer, namely, orf35 and orf36, resulted in an increased plasmid mobilization efficiency. Transcriptional analysis of the orf35 and orf36 deletion mutants suggested an involvement of these genes in regulating the expression of conjugative transfer genes. We also revised the host range of the pCTX-M3 replicon by finding that this replicon is unable to support replication in Agrobacteriurn turnefaciens, Ralstonia eutropha, and Pseudomonas putida, though its conjugation system is capable of introducing plasmids bearing oriT(pCTx-M3) into these bacteria, which are representatives of Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammaproteobacteria, respectively. Thus, the conjugative transfer system of pCTX-M3 has a much broader host range than its replicon. IMPORTANCE Horizontal gene transfer is responsible for rapid changes in bacterial genomes, and the conjugative transfer of plasmids has a great impact on the plasticity of bacteria. Here, we present a deletion analysis of the conjugative transfer system genes of the pCTX-M3 plasmid of the IncM group, which is responsible for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in Enterobacteriaceae. We found that the deletion of either of the orf35 and orf36 genes, which are dispensable for conjugative transfer, increased the plasmid mobilization efficiency. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis suggested the involvement of orf35 and orf36 in regulating the expression of transfer genes. We also revised the host range of pCTX-M3 by showing that its conjugative transfer system has a much broader host range than its replicon.