Inositol polyphosphates regulate and predict yeast pseudohyphal growth phenotypes.

Pseudohyphal growth is a nutrient-regulated program in which budding yeast form multicellular filaments of elongated and connected cells. Filamentous growth is required for virulence in pathogenic fungi and provides an informative model of stress-responsive signaling. The genetics and regulatory networks modulating pseudohyphal growth have been studied extensively, but little is known regarding the changes in metabolites that enable pseudohyphal filament formation. Inositol signaling molecules are an important class of metabolite messengers encompassing highly phosphorylated and diffusible inositol polyphosphates (InsPs). We report here that the InsP biosynthesis pathway is required for wild-type pseudohyphal growth. Under nitrogen-limiting conditions that can induce filamentation, InsPs exhibit characteristic profiles, distinguishing the InsP(7) pyrophosphate isoforms 1PP-InsP(5) and 5PP-InsP(5). Deletion and overexpression analyses of InsP kinases identify elevated levels of 5PP-InsP(5) relative to 1PP-InsP(5) in mutants exhibiting hyper-filamentous growth. Overexpression of KCS1, which promotes formation of inositol pyrophosphates, is sufficient to drive pseudohyphal filamentation on medium with normal nitrogen levels. We find that the kinases Snf1p (AMPK), Kss1p, and Fus3p (MAPKs), required for wild-type pseudohyphal growth, are also required for wild-type InsP levels. Deletion analyses of the corresponding kinase genes indicate elevated InsP(3) levels and an absence of exaggerated 5PP-InsP(5) peaks in trace profiles from snf1 Delta/Delta and kss1 Delta/Delta mutants exhibiting decreased pseudohyphal filamentation. Elevated 5PP-InsP(5):1PP-InsP(5) ratios are present in the hyperfilamentous fus3 deletion mutant. Collectively, the data identify the presence of elevated 5PP-InsP(5) levels relative to other inositol pyrophosphates as an in vivo marker of hyper-filamentous growth, while providing initial evidence for the regulation of InsP signaling by pseudohyphal growth kinases.